Full Answer
What is the VD of a drug?
By definition, Vd is a proportionality constant that relates the total amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration of the drug at a given time. The following equation can represent Vd: Volume of Distribution (L) = Amount of drug in the body (mg) / Plasma concentration of drug (mg/L) Based on the above equation:
What is the difference between high VD and low VD?
(High Vd -> More distribution to other tissue) Conversely, a drug with a low Vd has a propensity to remain in the plasma meaning a lower dose of a drug is required to achieve a given plasma concentration. (Low Vd -> Less distribution to other tissue)
What is the difference between vape fluid and VG fluid?
The fluid has no odor or color and is less viscous than VG. In vaping it is used to provide a ‘throat hit’, which some users claim is similar to the sensation experienced when smoking tobacco. It also carries flavor more effectively than VG, making it the most commonly used suspension fluid for flavor concentrates and nicotine.
What happens if you vape too much VG?
The Nautilus range and eGo tanks are some of the more well-known tanks that are known to have difficulties dealing with high VG fluid. As with PG, the most common side effects of vaping high VG e-liquid are those of dehydration: dry mouth, sore throat, and increased thirst.
What is single compartment model?
What is volume of distribution?
How does pharmacokinetics work?
What does a high VD mean?
How many half life values are there?
What is the central compartment of an IV?
Why are maintenance doses variable?
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Which is better higher VG or PG?
The PG/VG ratio you need depends on your personal preference and the coil resistance used. Higher VG liquids work better with lower resistance coils (less than 1ohm), whilst 50/50 e-liquids work well with higher resistance coils (more than 1ohm).
Is it safe to vape PG and VG?
Vaping propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine may lead to lung inflammation. Researchers have found that using e-cigarettes with the e-liquid refills containing propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG) may lead to inflammation of the lungs over a period of time.
Is VG safer than PG?
Both PG and VG are non-toxic, organic compounds that are considered safe for human consumption. Both have been widely used for decades as food additives in a variety of commercially available food products such as cheese, cereal, ice cream and soft drinks.
What does VG mean in vape juice?
vegetable glycerinePG stands for 'propylene glycol' and VG stands for 'vegetable glycerine. Almost all vape juices will contain a ratio of both ingredients, though you may see some e-liquids marketed as 'max VG' which means they contain only very small amounts of propylene glycol.
Is vaping worse than smoking?
1: Vaping is less harmful than smoking, but it's still not safe. E-cigarettes heat nicotine (extracted from tobacco), flavorings and other chemicals to create an aerosol that you inhale. Regular tobacco cigarettes contain 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic.
What is the safest vape to use?
If you are looking for the safest vape kit then you might want to consider disposables or pod kits. These are often low powered and have safety cuts offs as well as other features to prevent them from overheating. Not only as disposables one of the safest vape kits, but they are also super easy to use.
Can you vape 100 VG?
VG in Vaping High VG e liquids are usually thick making it suitable for sub-ohm vaping. Unlike PG, VG doesn't usually carry flavours very well and can potentially even out subtler flavours in the vape juice. While you can vape an e-juice consisting of 100% VG, a VG/PG blend is often recommended.
Is 70/30 PG VG good?
When it comes to your VG/PG ratio, you'll want to ideally look at a 70:30 balance here. You could use a 50:50 juice but because you're likely vaping at a higher wattage (anything over 20 watts), using more PG will give a much harsher throat hit.
How do I know what e-liquid to use?
As a general rule, consider choosing an e-liquid with 3mg of nicotine if you only smoke one or two cigarettes a day, 6mg if you smoke under 10 per day and want a little bit of throat hit, 12mg if you smoke up to and above 20 a day and18mg if you are a heavier smoker.
What is thicker PG or VG?
PG stands for propylene glycol, a thin, odorless and flavourless liquid. VG on the other hand is the acronym for vegetable glycerin. VG is slightly thicker in consistency and has a mildly sweet flavour to it.
Which VG is best for vaping?
The best PG/VG ratio is dependent upon your preference, if you like big clouds and use a modern, sub ohm e-cig, then 80VG / 20PG might be the best. On the other hand, if you're using a small, EVOD style setup then you would find closer to 50VG / 50PG ratios being the best.
What does HVG mean in vaping?
high VG liquidHVG – A high VG liquid, so these liquids have a higher proportion of VG than they do PG. They are often 30% PG and 70% VG.
Is it safe to vape vegetable glycerin?
Researchers have recently found that vegetable glycerin can lead to inflammation of the lungs due to long-term vaping or e-cigarette use. One study on the dangers of vaping glycerin ran for four weeks, during which 34 were randomized to using flavor- and nicotine-free e-cigs or to a control group of no-use.
What is the best PG VG ratio for vaping?
For discreet vaping without losing flavour or vapour production, it is best to stick to a 50:50 PG:VG ratio. You are basically getting the best of both worlds, without too much of either.
Is 70/30 PG VG good?
When it comes to your VG/PG ratio, you'll want to ideally look at a 70:30 balance here. You could use a 50:50 juice but because you're likely vaping at a higher wattage (anything over 20 watts), using more PG will give a much harsher throat hit.
What should you avoid in e-liquid?
Ingredients You Should Avoid Using In Your Vape JuiceMint or Menthol. Don't purchase any e juices that have mint or menthol mentioned as a flavor. ... Caffeine. ... Cinnamon. ... Diketones. ... Vanilla. ... Fragrance oils. ... Strawberry and Banana flavors. ... Titanium dioxide.
Table of volume of distribution for drugs - Wikipedia
This is a table of volume of distribution (V d) for various medication.For comparison, those with a V d L/kg body weight of less than 0.2 are mainly distributed in blood plasma, 0.2-0.7 mostly in the extracellular fluid and those with more than 0.7 are distributed throughout total body water.
Volume of Distribution Calculator - MDApp
The volume of distribution (V D), also known as the apparent volume of distribution is a theoretical value (because the V D is not a physical space but a dilution space) that is calculated and used clinically to determine the loading dose that is required to achieve a desired concentration of a drug in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma.
Table_of_volume_of_distribution_for_drugs - chemeurope.com
This is a table of volume of distribution (V d) for various medication.For comparison, those with a V d /kg body weight of less than 0.2 are mainly distributed in blood plasma, 0.2-0.7 mostly in the extracellular fluid and those with more than 0.7 are distributed throughout total body water.
Volume of Distribution in Drug Design | Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Volume of distribution is one of the most important pharmacokinetic properties of a drug candidate. It is a major determinant of half-life and dosing frequency of a drug. For a similar log P, a basic molecule will tend to exhibit higher volume of distribution than a neutral molecule. Acids often exhibit low volumes of distribution. Although a design strategy against volume of distribution can ...
Volume of Distribution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
If drug elimination occurs as a first-order process (i.e., elimination is proportional to the concentration at that time), in a tank model, the volume of distribution calculated by Eq. (18.2) will be constant (Fig. 18.3; see also Fig.18.2).When a drug is administered intravenously, some drug stays in the vascular volume, but most of the drug distributes to peripheral tissues.
What is PG in e-liquid?
PG: Propylene glycol, commonly known as PG, is an ingredient used in near-all e-liquid bases, along with vegetable glycerine (VG). E-juice high in PG offers a strong throat hit and great flavor.
What is nic salt?
Nic Salts: E-liquid made with nicotine salts, which have a higher concentration of nicotine compared to the more usual propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine base used in the manufacture of e-liquid .
What does mAh mean in vaping?
mAh: This is an abbreviation of “milliampere hour,” the unit at which power is measured over a period of time. In vaping, it’s used to tell you how much electrical capacity e-cigarette batteries have.
What happens when e-liquid is able to escape the tank?
Leaking/Leakage: This is what happens when e-liquid is able to escape the tank, either through loose seals or a wide-open airflow. Leakage can just be a few drops or the entire tank, and it’s a common vaping problem.
What is a juice vape?
Juice: A slang term for e-juice or e-liquid. This can also be used to refer to the amount of “juice” left in your battery, as indicated on an LED panel on your vape or by a colored flashing light.
What is a heatsink in vaping?
Heatsink: A device in a vape composed of several layers, or fins, that allow more airflow to dissipate heat from the battery and other components. This stops them from overheating and becoming damaged.
What is a glassomizer?
Glassomiser: A clearomizer, or tank, that has a glass section for holding vape juice instead of a plastic one. As they’re resistant to the erosion effects of e-liquids with high acidity levels, they’re more durable than their plastic counterparts.
How low can coils go?
The coils today can go as low as 0.15 Ohms (in the case of Kanthal) and there are mods out there that can fire even lower so technology is no longer a problem. Also vapers have discovered that by twisting two or more types of wire together they can create complex coils like 'twisted', 'claptons', 'fused claptons' and 'alien claptons' which in terms give an even better flavor.
What starter kit comes with coils?
On some of these devices you can also experiment with sub ohm coils, which are either included in the box as spares or can be bought separately.
What resistances do you use for vaping?
People who prefer mouth to lung vaping are usually the ones who use standard resistances (above the 1 Ohm limit) and those who prefer direct lung inhale use sub-ohm resistances (below the 1 Ohm limit).
Why do you need a sub ohm coil?
Because it vaporizes a lot more e-liquid, together with the big clouds, it also delivers a bigger quantity of nicotine. This is why, in most cases, if you're used to vaping on 12mg for instance, switching to a sub ohm coil directly implies lowering the concentration to 6mg or even 3mg. Taking a 12mg puff on a 0.3 Ohm RDA could make you feel very light headed so if it doesn't feel right, go for a lower concentration.
Why are above ohm vapes so popular?
The reason for which above ohm resistances remain popular with mouth to lung vaping is due to the restrictive draw these devices can offer and the similarities with actual cigarettes.
What is temperature control on a mod?
Many of the newer generation mods offer a feature called 'temperature control', which works with Nickel or Titanium coils and gives the user the option to set a desired valued between 200 – 600F. These coils generally have a sub ohm resistances and fire as low as 0.05 Ohms. Because the user can set a desired vape temperature, it has total control on how cool or warm he or she wants the vapor to be, and the feature also prevents dry hits.
What is an ohm in vaping?
What is an Ohm. First of all, ohms represent a unit of measurement for resistance, and when it comes to vaping they translate to how difficult is for the electrical current from the battery to pass through the heating coil. The lower the resistance, the faster a coil heats up to a certain temperature and controlling this value is key in delivering ...
How do cigarettes work?
Cigarettes work by burning tobacco leaves. The inhalation of the resulting smoke delivers nicotine to the user, but also 4,000-plus chemicals, including the toxic amalgamation of chemicals known as tar and other chemicals at dangerous levels.
Why are vapes called e-cigarettes?
The original name of ‘e-cigarette’ was chosen for marketing reasons as a way to let smokers know that the devices were an alternative to cigarettes, but it’s also confused a lot of people into believing that they are cigarettes.
What is an e-cigarette?
That has led to a lot of confusion, as many people hear the word “cigarette” and assume an e-cigarette is a high-tech version of a traditional tobacco product. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Electronic cigarettes were designed as a replacement for cigarettes.
What is the liquid in fog machines?
The last time you went to a concert and a fog machine was used, the ‘fog’ was likely produced using propylene glycol. Most liquid also contains pharmaceutical grade nicotine; almost all liquids have food-grade flavoring added. And while Chinese companies do produce e-liquid, the majority of what’s for sale in the USA is domestically produced, usually to very high standards.
What is the last component of an e-cigarette?
The last component of an e-cigarette is the liquid it vaporizes. There are a lot of inaccurate beliefs about this liquid. Many people believe it’s an oil, or that it contains tobacco. They think the liquid comes from China and is potentially contaminated.
What is a cigarette tube?
We all know what a cigarette is – a paper tube filled with shredded tobacco, usually with a filter at one end – but many people don’t understand exactly what it is that vapers (e-cigarette users) are inhaling from.
Do electronic cigarettes contain nicotine?
In contrast, electronic cigarettes–otherwise known as vaping products—don’t contain tobacco and don’t involve the burning of any substance. Instead, e-cigarette products are filled with a liquid that often, but not always, contains nicotine. A small heating element inside the device turns the liquid into a vapor that is then inhaled through a mouthpiece. There’s no combustion, so there’s no smoke.
How does nicotine affect the brain?
Nicotine use affects how the synapses—connections between brain cells— are formed. Regular usage in adolescence can also increase the risk for future addiction to cigarettes and other drugs. Other than nicotine, vaping liquid and subsequent vapor may include other harmful substances including: Cancer-causing chemicals.
How many people died from vaping in 2019?
There were morethan2,500cases of users being hospitalized for vaping-related injury as of December 17, 2019. Vaping has also led to 54 deaths across 27 states and the District of Columbia.
How does vaping work?
Vaping devices can vary in shape, size and color. Devices produce an aerosol byproduct from heating up a liquid that sometimes consists of flavorings and other chemicals that make vaping seem less harsh (initially at least) than smoking. This liquid delivers nicotine, marijuana, or other drugs to the user via a mouthpiece that is inhaled into the lungs then expelled via the mouth or nose.
What is vaping a cigarette?
A "vape," or electronic cigarette, is a device that heats up a liquid to create a vapor you inhale. Some types of vaping devices include pens, e-cigarettes (like JUUL), ...
What is Juulpod nicotine?
While many of these products typically feature a liquid containing one-third-to-half the nicotine found in a cigarette —for example, one 5% strength JUULpod is designed to replace an entire pack of cigarettes in nicotine strength—vaping users still face many health and safety risks.
How many kids use e-cigarettes in high school?
According to 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) data, 3.6 million children in middle school and high school use e-cigarettes. Use, defined by at least once per day over the past 30 days, has increased 78 percent from 11.7 to 20.8 percent in 2018.
What metals are heavy?
Heavy metals such as nickel, tin and lead
What are PG and VG?
PG and VG are the odorless liquids that are combined with flavor and nicotine to create e-juice.
What VG/PG ratio should I use?
There isn’t a one-size-fits-all answer to this. It depends on the kind of vaping experience you prefer. Many people use various levels of PG and VG for different purposes:
What does PG stand for in vaping?
PG stands for Propylene Glycol, a petroleum by-product. The fluid has no odor or color and is less viscous than VG. In vaping it is used to provide a ‘throat hit’, which some users claim is similar to the sensation experienced when smoking tobacco.
How to thin out cotton coil?
If you don’t want to use PG, the solution is to add some distilled water to your juice—maybe a drop per 10 mL— to help thin it out. This will help the cotton absorb the fluid quicker. Don’t go overboard here… a drop goes a long way.
How much PG to VG ratio?
The basics of PG and VG are quite easy to grasp. They both work in different ways, and each has advantages and disadvantages. Our advice is to start with a 50-50 PG to VG ratio then try out various combinations and see which you prefer. Make sure your vaping setup can deal with the different ratios.
What tanks are susceptible to high VG?
Older products are especially susceptible, particularly models that use smaller coils such as clearomizers. The Nautilus range and eGo tanks are some of the more well-known tanks that are known to have difficulties dealing with high VG fluid.
How to find your sweet spot without wasting valuable resources?
Unflavored juice – Want to find your sweet spot without wasting valuable resources? Try mixing VG and PG in different ratios. Using only base liquid and some cheap plastic e-liquid bottles you can find the optimal juice viscosity for your gear and avoid dry hits and leaking. This is also
What happens if you increase the wattage of a vaporizer?
Also, remember that when you increase the wattage of your device, your coil works on more power and generates more heated vapor.
What does wattage mean in vaping?
In simple terms, wattage is the amount of power that you allow your device to use as you vape. The higher the wattage, the stronger the power of your vape device, but higher doesn’t always mean the best for you!
How to get a stronger throat hit?
Throat Hit. If you want a stronger throat hit, you need to turn up the wattage settings and if you want something light and easy on your throat, your device shouldn’t be working on that extra-power mode.
When will vaping be available in 2020?
December 9, 2020. June 11, 2020 by John. Every beginner wonders what wattage is best for vaping and there is no clear single answer to that question. The majority of modern vape devices offer a wide range of wattage settings and it could be a daunting task for a beginner to choose the right setting. The wattage you need to choose depends on several ...
What does higher power mean on vapes?
4. Clouds. Just like the temperature of vapes, the thickness of your clouds is also determined by your device wattage settings. Higher power means thicker clouds, and vice-versa. Always remember that higher wattage burdens your coil, so prolonged usage of full-power must be avoided.
What is the best mod for vaping?
If you do want to continuously use high watts, box mods may be the best choice for you. A box mod has a chip that regulates your vape and helps prevent malfunctions.
How long does e-liquid last?
Whenever you increase your system’s wattage, you should expect a higher consumption of e-liquid. For an average setting, if your e-juice lasts for 2 days , consistently vaping on high power will use it all up in just one day.
What is single compartment model?
Single compartment model: Some drugs display pharmacokinetics in which they distribute “instantaneously.” These drugs appear to remain in the central compartment and not distribute to peripheral compartments. Therefore, any measured decline in drug plasma concentration is a result of drug elimination from the body only. These drugs are said to display single-compartment models of distribution as they do not move to peripheral compartments. The Vd of these drugs can be represented by a single value, which is the Vd of the central compartment(Vc). [2][3]
What is volume of distribution?
The volume of distribution (Vd) is a pharmacokinetic parameter representing an individual drug’s propensity to either remain in the plasma or redistribute to other tissue compartments. By definition, Vd is a proportionality constant that relates the total amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration of the drug at a given time.[1][2][3] The following equation can represent Vd:
How does pharmacokinetics work?
Pharmacokinetics focuses on drug movement throughout the human body via the processes of absorption, distribution, and elimination. Upon administration, a drug moves from the site of administration and gets absorbed into the systemic circulation where it will then gets distributed throughout the body. The process of distribution refers to the movement of a drug between the intravascular (blood/plasma) and extravascular (intracellular & extracellular) compartments of the body. Within each compartment of the body, a drug exists in equilibrium between a protein-bound or free form. Over time, drugs within the circulation will then be metabolized and excreted from the body by the liver & kidneys. [1][3]
What does a high VD mean?
A drug with a high Vd has a propensity to leave the plasma and enter the extravascular compartments of the body, meaning that a higher dose of a drug is required to achieve a given plasma concentration. (High Vd -> More distribution to other tissue) Conversely, a drug with a low Vd has a propensity to remain in the plasma meaning a lower dose of ...
How many half life values are there?
Similar to the different Vd values that exist depending on the pharmacokinetic phase, there are also two half-life values of which it is important to be aware:
What is the central compartment of an IV?
Immediately after administration of an IV bolus, a drug enters the “central” compartment, which is composed of the plasma, highly perfused organs (liver, kidneys, etc.) and other tissues where drug distribution is instantaneous.
Why are maintenance doses variable?
Because maintenance doses are dependent on drug clearance which is a variable dictated by each individual patient , maintenance doses are often variable as certain patients may take less or more time to clear a drug from the plasma. E.g., renal failure patients will take longer to eliminate a drug in the urine.