Vaping FAQs

how do i k ow if my kid is vaping

by Dr. Shaylee Goldner Published 2 years ago Updated 1 year ago
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Here are some signs that your child may be vaping:

  • Increased thirst. Vaping is hydroscopic, meaning the process of vaping removes hydration from skin of the mouth and throat. ...
  • Desire for flavor. Moisture is key to enjoying the flavor of foods. ...
  • Nosebleeds. Just like vaping dries the mouth, it dries the skin of the nose as well. ...
  • Acne. ...
  • Cutting back on caffeine. ...
  • Pneumonia. ...
  • Finding unfamiliar USB drives, battery chargers or spare parts. ...

There are warning signs to watch for if you suspect your child may be vaping. These include new health issues, behavior changes, unusual objects around the house, sweet or strange odors, and the use of vaping lingo with friends.

Full Answer

What should you do if your child is vaping?

And if you learn that your child is vaping, don’t try to punish or shame them, Koval said. It won’t work. Vaping can affect young people’s moods and impulse control, and it’s possible your child is already addicted to nicotine. Be positive and arm them with information and the reasons for quitting. And if they want to stop, be encouraging.

Is Your Teen vaping?

Parents are left wondering if there are clues that may suggest their teen is vaping and in direct harm. Here are some signs that your child may be vaping: Increased thirst. Vaping is hydroscopic, meaning the process of vaping removes hydration from skin of the mouth and throat.

Is your child at risk of nicotine dependence from vaping?

For families with a history of addictions, your child may be at an even higher risk of nicotine dependence from e-cig products. Watch for signs of nicotine use in your teen to help with early intervention. As the popularity of vaping continues to rise, so does your child’s risk.

How many kids vape in the US?

My experience is not unique; it reflects the national data. Recent surveys suggest over 2 million middle and high school students in the U.S. are routinely vaping. That’s about 10 percent of our kids, and that's a lot. Short-term data and common sense confirm that vaping and kids is a bad combination.

Why do kids vape?

Why does vaping cause dry mouth?

What are the parts of an e-cigarette?

Does vaping make your nose bleed?

Do Juul pods contain nicotine?

Is vaping a risk for teens?

Is vaping bad for kids?

See 4 more

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What are 5 signs that someone is vaping?

Signs a person is vapingA sweet scent in the air. ... Unfamiliar pens and USB drives. ... Drinking more water. ... Nosebleeds. ... Smoker's cough or mouth sores. ... New batteries and chargers. ... Discarded vaping pods and devices.

How can you tell if your child has been vaping?

Olorunnisola, these are some signs parents can look for that may suggest if a child is vaping:Increased thirst. Vaping removes hydration from the skin, especially around the mouth and throat. ... Nosebleeds. ... 'Vaper's tongue. ... Skin damage. ... Sleep disturbance. ... Emotional problems. ... Passing on caffeine.

What are 3 signs of a vaping addiction?

There are also several physical signs of addiction.Dry Mouth. Propylene glycol, a common ingredient found in e-juice, can cause dry mouth. ... Dizziness. Researchers monitored 33 smokers over 21 days. ... Coughing. For some, vaping is a gateway to smoking. ... Skin Problems. ... Itchiness. ... Dry Eyes. ... Nosebleeds. ... Nicotine Overdose.More items...•

What is the average age kids start vaping?

Parents need to “be aware that kids as young as 12, 13, 14 are starting vaping,” Evans-Polce said by email. “Conversations with their children about vaping need to happen earlier than they may think.”

Can you tell if someone is vaping in your house?

“The biggest thing to look for is paraphernalia, like chargers, cartridges, cartridge packs, e-juice bottles, etc.” he said of items that are left out inadvertently. Parents may smell odors if a child is vaping in the bathroom or bedroom, and they may spot symptoms if their child vapes a synthetic drug, he added.

Can dentist tell if you vape?

The answer is yes. While some people switch from smoking to vaping because they may think vaping is a safer alternative to smoking, studies show that it is just bad for your teeth and gums. Vaping has the same adverse effects on your oral health as smoking and your dentist WILL be able to tell.

Should I punish my child for vaping?

Now that you are aware of the hazards brought by e-cigarettes, you have every right to punish your teen for vaping. It does not matter if they are only using it for recreational purposes. Vaping is still addictive and damaging. Some ways to punish your child are scolding and grounding them.

How do I get my child off vaping?

You might want to talk to a health care provider who can suggest effective nicotine cessation programs that help teens kick the habit.Vaping has become an epidemic. ... Ask questions. ... Be patient. ... Help them remove temptation. ... Encourage them to have a plan. ... Point them toward more help.

What is Vaper's tongue?

Vaper's tongue (also known as vaper's fatigue) is a term that covers taste-related ailments. Often this happens from frequent use of a single, individual flavour. So, if you've been vaping the same flavour for a few weeks. you'll probably start to notice the difference in taste or lack thereof.

Why do kids start vaping?

Young people start smoking or vaping for a variety of reasons; peer pressure, the belief that it relieves stress or looks cool, to lose or control weight, easy access, and role models or family members who use tobacco.

Is it OK for a 13 year old to vape?

A: The federal minimum age to purchase e-cigarette products is 18, but the laws vary by state – 49 states have set a minimum age that is older than 18. Unfortunately, the majority of underage vaping users are still getting the products from local gas stations or areas in their community that sell the products.

What does vaping sound like?

As the e-liquid is vaporised it makes a slight popping or crackling sound. This will be slightly more noticeable if your atomizer head is brand new. If you hear your vape crackle, it actually means that it is performing well and your coil is doing what it needs to.

Is there a device that can detect vaping?

3D Sense is a vape detector that works on many of these fronts to help combat vaping. 3D Sense continuously monitors its environment to detect vaping, smoking, and air quality disruptions. When vaping is detected, chosen contacts get an alert on their phone so they can investigate further.

What is Vaper's tongue?

Vaper's tongue (also known as vaper's fatigue) is a term that covers taste-related ailments. Often this happens from frequent use of a single, individual flavour. So, if you've been vaping the same flavour for a few weeks. you'll probably start to notice the difference in taste or lack thereof.

What does vaping smell like on clothes?

Your clothes will not smell if you vape. A concern that some people might have is the lingering smell that smoking creates. Smoking involves burning tobacco, which produces a distinct and smoky scent that lingers around.

Can you smell vape in a house?

Some vaping products also produce odors that can be hard to remove. These smells may not be as strong as those caused by tobacco smoking; still, a shopper may notice odors while touring the home.

5 Signs Your Kid Is 'Vaping' | CafeMom.com

Because e-cigarettes are so new, the industry is largely unregulated compared to traditional tobacco products. Although 20 states have banned the sale of e-cigarettes to minors, the majority still allow it -- or else kids can go online and buy with impunity.. Making matters worse, it's really hard for parents to tell if their kid is vaping, since there's no smoke or telltale smell.

Why does vaping cause dry mouth?

Increased thirst. Vaping is hydroscopic, meaning the process of vaping removes hydration from skin of the mouth and throat. This leaves users with a dry, flat palate. As a natural consequence, the body craves liquids to combat dehydration. If you see your child heavily increasing their liquid consumption (and also peeing more), they may be vaping.

Why do kids vape?

If you see your child heavily increasing their liquid consumption (and also peeing more), they may be vaping. Desire for flavor. Moisture is key to enjoying the flavor of foods. When the mouth is dried out, you lose flavor perception. So, with routine vaping, food can become less flavorful.

What are the parts of an e-cigarette?

E-cig devices do have parts and cartridges that need to be exchanged and replaced. Commonly, these parts are spare wires, cotton balls or small containers (“pods”) that contain e-juice. If your teen is carrying an unfamiliar tech-looking device, or if there are interesting items in their trash bin, I might ask.

Does vaping cause acne?

Acne. Vaping can affect the surrounding skin. If your teen is having bad breakouts on otherwise controlled skin, this may be a clue. Cutting back on caffeine. If your latte-loving teen is skipping the Starbucks, it could be the nicotine. Vaping plus caffeine can cause anxiety and severe mood swings.

Does vaping make your nose bleed?

So, with routine vaping, food can become less flavorful. This even has a name: “vaper's tongue.”. If your teen is reaching for the salt or enjoying unusually spicy foods, this may be a clue. Nosebleeds. Just like vaping dries the mouth, it dries the skin of the nose as well. When the nose gets dry, it can bleed. Acne.

Do Juul pods contain nicotine?

Most importantly, however, is the knowledge that kids’ brains are super sensitive to nicotine. All Juul and Phix pods contain nicotine. When an immature brain (read: less than 25 years old) is exposed, it takes less of the drug to get addicted.

Is vaping a risk for teens?

Watch for signs of nicotine use in your teen to help with early intervention. As the popularity of vaping continues to rise, so does your child’s risk.

How to teach your child about e-cigarettes?

Knowing the facts about the dangers of E-cigarettes when you sit down with your child will be a crucial part to laying down the law. They may have several questions for you and the more prepared you are, the better. Set an example for your little ones and avoid smoking or smoking around them. Keep the conversation going and reach out to your teen. Let them know you are there if they need to talk and encourage them to set an example among their peers.

How do you know if you're vaping?

When it comes to vaping, there aren’t very many physical signs to look out for. However, bloodshot eyes can be an indication that your child has been vaping. Propylene Glycol, a chemical compound found in “e-juice,” is known to irritate eyes and dry them out. Smoke can cause blood vessels in your eyes to constrict, which dries out the surface of your eyes.

Why does vaping cause dehydration?

The chemical compounds Propylene Glycol (PG) that make up the ingredients in vaping juice extract water molecules from surrounding areas. As a result, when vapor enters the body, it gives the user a dry mouth and may cause your child to have excessive thirst.

Is it safe to smoke e-cigarettes?

E-cigarettes have been marketed as a safe alternative to smoking. However, these battery powered devices are not safe and can be just as addicting as regular tobacco cigarettes. In recent years, there has been an enormous spike in young kids being exposed to liquid nicotine and vaping either through peers, their parents or the media.

Do e-cigarettes smell like candy?

E-cigarettes don’t have the same smell as a traditional cigarette. In fact, some experts believe a big appeal to the younger generation is the wide variety of candy-like flavors. Some smell and tastes like bubblegum, cotton candy or fruit. If you are picking up on strong and fruity odors, there’s a chance your young one may be vaping in the other room.

How to react when a parent discovers their child is vaping?

Getty Images. Experts advise parents who discover their teen is vaping to react in a calm and measured manner. Ask questions and listen to the answers they give.

How many people vape in school?

He says his clients report that, “at any given time between classes, there can be 15 to 20 people vaping in the school bathroom.”

What is Smokefree Teen?

Smokefree Teen is another resource with apps and texting options teens can access at any time.

What to do if your teenager is addicted to nicotine?

If your teenager has a nicotine addiction, your first step should be consulting with their pediatrician or your family doctor. They can help you determine how serious the addiction is and what options might be available for helping your teenager quit.

How many high school seniors have vaped?

In December 2018, the National Institute on Drug Abuse released a report detailing a “dramatic increase” in the use of vaping devices by teenagers, stating that 37.3 percent of high school seniors had vaped within the previous year.

Why does the author suggest talking to teens about how the makers of tobacco products are trying to manipulate them?

Instead of harping on the dangers of smoking, he suggests talking to teens about how the makers of tobacco products are trying to manipulate them — because no teenager wants to believe they could be easily manipulated.

Why do parents need to give teenagers space?

He adds that it takes time for teenagers to articulate themselves, so parents need to give them space to say what they need to say without jumping all over them.

How do you know if your child is vaping?

The vapors disrupt the immune system which can have harsh effects on human cells. Keep your eye on your child if they complain of sores in their mouth or begin to show signs of an unexplained cough. It could be a sign that your child is vaping.

How long does a vape pen battery last?

While some vape pens can be charged with a simple USB cable, most require batteries. And, since an e-cig vape pen battery typically only lasts two hours with constant use, the battery needs to be charged regularly. If you find an unfamiliar battery or battery charging device, this could serve as another red flag that your child may be vaping.

What are the most common e-cigarettes for teens?

E-cigs come in many forms. They can resemble traditional tobacco cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. However, the most common e-cigs among teens are JUULs – sleek devices that resemble a USB flash drive – and vape pens that resemble traditional pens.

What is an atomizer in an e-cigarette?

The atomizer is an important part of any e-cig. It’s the component of the e-cig that turns the e-liquid into vapor. The atomizers don’t last forever and eventually need to be discarded. If you come across a discarded atomizer in your child’s room, it can be a good indication that your child has been vaping.

How many high school students use e-cigarettes?

According to the Center’s for Disease Control and Prevention’s annual National Tobacco Survey, 27.5 percent of high school students reported using an e-cigarette within the last 30 days, up from 20.8 percent in 2018. Originally designed to help people quit smoking cigarettes, e-cigs have turned into a national infatuation among teens ...

Is vaping harmful to your lungs?

While vaporized liquid has been found by researchers to be less harmful to lungs than smoking traditional cigarettes, researchers and experts have found that vaping has a host of damaging side effects. Aside from the documented side effects associated with vaping, the vape devices are compatible with Marijuana making substance abuse easier ...

Can vaping cause coughing?

According to an article in Science News for Students, entitled “ Concerns Explode Over New Health Risks of Vaping ,” researchers are now linking e-cigs with mouth wounds that won’t heal and smoker’s cough. The vapors disrupt the immune system which can have harsh effects on human cells. Keep your eye on your child if they complain of sores in their mouth or begin to show signs of an unexplained cough. It could be a sign that your child is vaping .

How to help kids quit vaping?

Perhaps most important, she recommends parents "remain calm and supportive" and avoid punishing what has often become addictive behavior. Be prepared for kids to try to quit vaping and fail an average of six times, she says.

Who is the pediatric pulmonologist who sees vaping?

Pediatric pulmonologist Dr. Sunil Kapoor saw firsthand the pull of vaping both substances when an an asthmatic teen patient was back in his office this month, a year after he spent a week in the hospital for his vaping. The boy's school told his father the 16-year-old was vaping nicotine in the bathroom, but he was vaping THC as well.

What is vaping?

Electronic cigarettes and Juuls, the most popular brand name for young people, have a battery, a heating element and a place to hold a liquid, known as e-liquid or vape juice, which is typically flavored. The heat creates a vapor, or aerosol, that users inhale. These devices can also be used with THC or cannabidiol (CBD), which can legally contain .03% of THC to be sold in stores or higher levels if sold in dispensaries. While e-cigarette cartridges can be purchased with a wide variety of nicotine levels down to 0%, Juuls have a high level of nicotine – as much as a pack of 20 regular cigarettes.

How to tell if a cartridge is a cbd or e-liquid?

It can be very difficult to tell the difference between nicotine e-liquid and THC or a CBD-based oil. A legally purchased cartridge with THC or CBD oil or nicotine would have some sort of packaging or labeling saying what it is. But even Juul-brand cartridges, which are supposed to be "closed loop" so nothing can be added, are often tampered with and filled with THC-based oils.

How long is the vaping diversion program in Newburyport?

Newburyport's high schools have a four-week "vaping diversion program," which includes after-school meetings with adjustment counselors, wellness teachers, school nurses, biology teachers and the school principal. Data on the program's results is expected by the end of the year.

Can Juuls be used with THC?

These devices can also be used with THC or cannabidiol (CBD), which can legally contain .03% of THC to be sold in stores or higher levels if sold in dispensaries. While e-cigarette cartridges can be purchased with a wide variety of nicotine levels down to 0%, Juuls have a high level of nicotine – as much as a pack of 20 regular cigarettes. ...

Does vaping affect THC?

The process of vaping triples the strength of the THC being ingested. THC use in those whose brains are still developing can lead to cognition loss and psychiatric problems, Surgeon General Jerome Adams said in a new health advisory.

What is the chemical in e-liquid?

When heated, the e-liquid, which usually contains propylene glycol, glycerol, nicotine and chemical flavoring, turns into an aerosol. This aerosol contains some of the same toxic chemicals found in cigarette smoke such as formaldehyde, chromium, lead and nickel, exposing the lungs to toxic metal particles and other cancer-causing chemicals.

Why does vaping cause dry mouth?

Vaping can cause dehydration or dry mouth, most likely a cause of the ingredient in the e-liquid called propylene glycol. If your teen is drinking more water or has dark circles under their eyes, a symptom of dehydration, you may want to investigate further.

What is a vape pod?

Here's what we do know. Vaping uses a battery powered device called an e-cigarette that warms a liquid, turning it into a vapor that can be inhaled. The liquid is typically purchased in pods and comes in a variety of flavors. Most e-cigarette pods contain nicotine that is often more concentrated than in cigarettes and impacts brain function, attention and memory. For instance, JUUL pod packs can provide as much nicotine as one pack of cigarettes.

How to prevent vaping?

In the meantime, the best way to prevent your child from engaging in vaping is to continue to have open conversations and stay keenly aware of their habits.

Why does my child have nosebleeds?

Propylene glycol, one of the chemicals in the e-liquid, is a dehydrating chemical that can reduce moisture inside the nose. When a person vapes, they typically exhale vapor through the nose, causing dryness, which can lead to nosebleeds.

Why do teens have a sensitivity to caffeine?

Because e-cigarettes often contain such high doses of caffeine, teens can sometimes develop a sensitivity to caffeine. If you notice your teen has cut back on drinking caffeine products like coffee or energy drinks, it could indicate a sign of vaping.

How to help a child with e-cigarettes?

The best approach is to have regular conversations with your child about the use of e-cigarettes and tobacco products , and hope you can have a positive impact on their habits. You should also be aware of the friends and company that your child keeps. If they are e-cigarette or tobacco users, there's a good chance your child is using these products as well.

How do I stop vaping?

There is not yet one tried and true "answer" for how to stop vaping , but with good family discussion and support, you and your teen can find out together the best answer for them. Here are some resources I recommend to educate yourself on vaping and prevention:

Why do bad decisions go together?

Adolescence and bad decisions go together for a reason. Neurologically, the parts of the brain responsible for good judgment, planning decisions, and slowing down impulses, are still growing. Developmentally, adolescents are figuring out who they are outside of their family and in the world at large. This has to involve some level of "trying on" ...

Is vaping a trend?

Vaping is a recent trend in youth experimentation, and the dangers are becoming more evident. Parents.com's 'Ask Your Mom' advice columnist Emily Edlynn, Ph.D., explains the ways to deal if your teen is vaping that will make it more likely for them to actually stop. By Emily Edlynn, Ph.D. November 15, 2019.

Do teens want to talk to their parents about vaping?

Teens also want their parents to be approachable for a conversation about vaping. "If kids do decide to experiment with vaping, they should be made to feel comfortable talking to and getting information about the topic from their parents," says Morgan Patsy, 17, from St. Paul, MN.

Who is the columnist on Ask Your Mom?

Submit your parenting questions to 'Ask Your Mom' columnist Emily here, and they may be answered in future 'Ask Your Mom' columns.

Do fear tactics work?

We know from the days of the prolific but totally useless "Just Say No" drug campaign, frying egg on the skillet and all, that fear tactics do not work. Teenagers feel invincible and are very present-focused, so scaring them about what is going to happen in the future often barely makes a dent in their curiosity and impulse to rebel.

How many teens don't know about vaping?

Remember, almost 66% of teens don’t realize that vaping involves nicotine. or if they do know it, they don’t understand the dangers of it. So your mission is toeducate your teenager and help them see the dangers of vaping. Fortunately, there areplenty of resources available to you.

What is vaping and why is it bad for teens?

Vaping involves using a small device to heat a liquid. The heated liquid produces an aerosol, which is inhaled. The liquid usually contains nicotine and flavoring, which gives off a sweet smell.

What does vaping tongue mean?

Vaper’s Tongue. This is a term used to describe the loss of taste sensation that many teens who vape will experience. Your teen may complain that foods taste bland or start adding extra seasonings and spices to their meals.

How to get a vape out of your lungs?

Start by scheduling an appointment with your child’s doctor. They can give your teen a check-up to make sure their lungs have not been damaged as well as give them further information about vaping and the risks involved. Next, the two of you should call 1-800-QUIT-NOW or check outteen.smokefree.gov.

Why do teens get jittery when vaping?

Passing on caffeine.The effects of nicotine may make your teen jittery. Teens who normally rely on coffee or soda might start skipping it. Irritability. Nicotine affects brain chemistry, so your teen might get agitated more easily if they are vaping.

What are some examples of vaping devices?

Vaping involves heating up a liquid and there are some basic parts to most vaping devices. Some common things you might see include parts that look like USB drives, pens, unfamiliar chargers or batteries, cotton balls and metallic wires.

How do you know if you're smoking?

If you are looking for the classic signs of smoking, like a lingering odor on clothes or yellowed teeth or fingers, you won’t find them .The signs of vaping are more subtle, which is why it is important to be aware of them. Electronic cigarettes debuted in 2008, but in recent years, they have become much more popular with teenagers.

How to help a child who is vaping?

Ask your child what they know about vaping and whether it’s happening at school. Help them think through how they’ll respond if they’re pressured to use e-cigarettes, says Megan Jacobs, managing director of product innovation at Truth Initiative, who also spoke to NPR. And if you learn that your child is vaping, don’t try to punish or shame them, Koval said. It won’t work. Vaping can affect young people’s moods and impulse control, and it’s possible your child is already addicted to nicotine.

How many high schoolers vaped in 2019?

More than 1 in 4 (27.5%) high schoolers vaped in 2019, a 32% increase from the previous year. 52.9%. More than half of middle and high schoolers who used e-cigarettes said they had tried to quit.

What is Juul flavored e-cigarette?

E-cigarette flavors like mint, mango and cotton candy especially appeal to young people. In fact, 97% of all youth who vape use flavored cigarettes.

How many parents know about Juul?

Published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, the study surveyed 2,885 parents of high school and middle school students from October to November 2018, about one month following the acknowledgement of a youth e-cigarette use epidemic by the Food and Drug Administration. Fewer than half — 44.2% — of parents could identify a picture of JUUL as a type of e-cigarette. More than one-third — 35.1% — couldn’t recognize the device at all.

How many people will quit vaping in 2020?

Already in 2020, more than 90,000 youth and young adults have enrolled. The program — created with input from teens, college students and young adults who have tried to, or successfully, quit e-cigarettes — gives young people a free, confidential and anonymous way to access behavioral support to quit vaping.

Is Juul a vape?

JUUL, which may look like a harmless device, is only one example of the vaping industry’s efforts to target youth. E-cigarette flavors like mint, mango and cotton candy especially appeal to young people. In fact, 97% of all youth who vape use flavored cigarettes. JUUL also spent more than $1 million to market the product on the internet, and funded summer camps, visited schools and paid community and church groups to distribute their materials, according to documents and testimony from congressional hearings about JUUL’s role in the youth e-cigarette epidemic.

Does vaping affect your mood?

It won’t work. Vaping can affect young people’s moods and impulse control, and it’s possible your child is already addicted to nicotine. Be positive and arm them with information and the reasons for quitting. And if they want to stop, be encouraging. As with cigarettes, quitting vaping is hard.

Why do kids vape?

If you see your child heavily increasing their liquid consumption (and also peeing more), they may be vaping. Desire for flavor. Moisture is key to enjoying the flavor of foods. When the mouth is dried out, you lose flavor perception. So, with routine vaping, food can become less flavorful.

Why does vaping cause dry mouth?

Increased thirst. Vaping is hydroscopic, meaning the process of vaping removes hydration from skin of the mouth and throat. This leaves users with a dry, flat palate. As a natural consequence, the body craves liquids to combat dehydration. If you see your child heavily increasing their liquid consumption (and also peeing more), they may be vaping.

What are the parts of an e-cigarette?

E-cig devices do have parts and cartridges that need to be exchanged and replaced. Commonly, these parts are spare wires, cotton balls or small containers (“pods”) that contain e-juice. If your teen is carrying an unfamiliar tech-looking device, or if there are interesting items in their trash bin, I might ask.

Does vaping make your nose bleed?

So, with routine vaping, food can become less flavorful. This even has a name: “vaper's tongue.”. If your teen is reaching for the salt or enjoying unusually spicy foods, this may be a clue. Nosebleeds. Just like vaping dries the mouth, it dries the skin of the nose as well. When the nose gets dry, it can bleed. Acne.

Do Juul pods contain nicotine?

Most importantly, however, is the knowledge that kids’ brains are super sensitive to nicotine. All Juul and Phix pods contain nicotine. When an immature brain (read: less than 25 years old) is exposed, it takes less of the drug to get addicted.

Is vaping a risk for teens?

Watch for signs of nicotine use in your teen to help with early intervention. As the popularity of vaping continues to rise, so does your child’s risk.

Is vaping bad for kids?

Short-term data and common sense confirm that vaping and kids is a bad combination. Research supports the notion that e-cigs are a potential gateway to consuming traditional tobacco products, leading to another generation of kids who will become exposed to tobacco’s known harmful effects.

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