How do medications cause hypokalemia?
Medications cause hypokalemia through a variety of mechanisms, including intracellular potassium shifting, increased renal loss, and/or stool loss. Table 2highlights selected medications associated with hypokalemia. Some published cases have reported an association between antidepressant use and the risk for hypokalemia.
How does vaping affect the body?
Vaping generally affects three main systems: 1 Mouth and airways: Irritation, cough and increased airway resistance 2 Heart and circulation: Chest pain, increased blood pressure and increased heart rate 3 Stomach: Vomiting and nausea More ...
What causes low potassium (hypokalemia)?
Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause is excessive potassium loss in urine due to prescription medications that increase urination. Also known as water pills or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. Vomiting,...
How does hypokalemia affect the cardiovascular system?
Last but not least, hypokalemia can have detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, leading to electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (U waves, T wave flattening and ST-segment changes), cardiac arrhythmias (sometimes lethal) and heart failure (23) (Table 2). Table 2 Symptoms and signs of hypokalemia. Open in a separate window
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Can nicotine cause low potassium?
Compared to non-tobacco users, smokers had significantly increased levels of serum sodium and magnesium, plasma calcitonin, urinary cortisol and potassium levels and decreased serum sex hormone-binding globulin as well as serum and urinary creatinine values.
Does nicotine affect potassium levels?
(18) A study in thirty smokers and thirty non-smokers as matched controls showed a significant increase in sodium level immediately after smoking and no significant change in potassium level in smokers.
Is there potassium in vape?
In one of the e-cigs tested, Talbot's lab found "small amounts" (no actual concentrations are mentioned, which is typical of press commentary on vaping dangers) of copper, calcium, and potassium.
What complications can vaping cause?
2: Research suggests vaping is bad for your heart and lungs. It causes you to crave a smoke and suffer withdrawal symptoms if you ignore the craving. Nicotine is a toxic substance. It raises your blood pressure and spikes your adrenaline, which increases your heart rate and the likelihood of having a heart attack.
What causes low potassium?
Low blood potassium typically occurs because of an excessive loss of potassium in your digestive tract. This may be due to frequent vomiting, diarrhea or laxative use. Other causes of hypokalemia include: Eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa.
Does smoking cigarettes raise your potassium?
However, serum potassium was strongly related to smoking, and the increased risk of mortality associated with elevated potassium was seen only among current smokers.
What is the safest vape to use?
If you are looking for the safest vape kit then you might want to consider disposables or pod kits. These are often low powered and have safety cuts offs as well as other features to prevent them from overheating. Not only as disposables one of the safest vape kits, but they are also super easy to use.
Does vaping dehydrate?
Yes, vaping can cause dehydration. Instead, manufacturers make e-liquids with VG (vegetable glycerine) and PG (propylene glycol). These are often the cause of your dehydration issues because they're humectants, which could leave you with a dry mouth and mild dehydration.
What harmful chemicals are in Vapes?
Besides nicotine, e-cigarettes can contain harmful and potentially harmful ingredients, including:ultrafine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs.flavorants such as diacetyl, a chemical linked to serious lung disease.volatile organic compounds.heavy metals, such as nickel, tin, and lead.
How much vaping is too much?
Even today, many high-profile sources list the toxic dose of nicotine (the LD50 – or the dose that will kill about half of people exposed) as between 30 and 60 mg. To put this in context of vaping, this would be about 4 ml of 12 mg/ml e-liquid. d.
What are 3 health effects of vaping?
E-cigarette use has also been shown to increase blood pressure, heart-rate and the stiffness of arteries[3]. All of these increase the risk of developing heart disease or having symptoms. Therefore, it is highly likely that vaping is bad for your heart.
What happens to your body when you quit vaping?
Vaping nicotine can lead to a cycle of withdrawal that can be challenging to overcome. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms vary from person to person but commonly consist of mood swings, irritability, headaches, and even feelings of anxiety and depression.
Does tobacco contain potassium?
Chewing tobacco contains a significant amount of potassium. In this first report of the effect of chewing tobacco use on serum potassium levels in a patient with end-stage renal disease, improved potassium levels occurred once the tobacco was eliminated.
What causes high potassium?
The most common cause of genuinely high potassium (hyperkalemia) is related to your kidneys, such as: Acute kidney failure. Chronic kidney disease.
Does smoking affect your electrolytes?
Chronic smokers are at increased risk of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory diseases and many cancers,, Some researchers have been able to relate chronic smoking to alterations in serum electrolytes which could lead to life-threatening metabolic imbalances.
Does smoking deplete electrolytes?
The changes of levels of certain electrolytes did not seem to be mediated by nicotine directly , but the influence of nicotine may reduce the weight of body and decrease the electrolytes levels indirectly [28].
TRosey New Member
Hi everyone. I'm new on here, though have been reading for a couple of months.
Kamoch Super Member Verified Member ECF Veteran
You need to see a doctor, not ask for medical advice on this forum. I'm an RN and from what I've seen and experienced, self-diagnosing a la WebMD is only going to raise your stress level. Make an appointment soon and I hope it is nothing serious.
yzer Vaping Master ECF Veteran
This is a matter for a Physician, not a public forum or Google. See a doctor.
gordk Full Member Verified Member
You should indeed see a doctor, and tell _exactly_ what you're up to, and what you're experiencing as a result. I've experienced a great many of those symptoms myself. I was a _very_ heavy smoker myself until 76 days ago. REALLY, see your doctor, and just plain tell ALL. Hold back NOTHING.
The Ocelot Psychopomp Verified Member ECF Veteran
"The most widely reported side-effects of glycyrrhizin use are hypertension and edema (water retention). These effects are related to the inhibition of cortisol metabolism within the kidney, and the subsequent stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptors. Thus, consumption of black licorice can mimic disorders of excess aldosterone....
Centurion Senior Member Verified Member ECF Veteran
Doctors don't have a monopoly on good diagnostic skills and patients shouldn't be afraid to be thinking patients who actively ponder their conditions and question their diagnoses. But go see a doctor anyway. Also, I think it's a big stretch for you to assume your symptoms are even related (to vaping, not necessarily to each other).
TRosey New Member
Thanks for your comments. I should have added that I have already made appointments with my physician and my psychiatrist for Tuesday, as well as appt with the blood lab. I would never go online asking others for diagnoses (no offense, other expert Googlers!).
Why does potassium lose?
Causes of potassium loss include: Alcohol use (excessive) Chronic kidney disease. Diabetic ketoacidosis.
Why does potassium drop in urine?
Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause is excessive potassium loss in urine due to prescription medications that increase urination. Also known as water pills or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. Vomiting, diarrhea or both also can result ...
How to treat hypokalemia?
Treatment for hypokalemia focuses on restoring a normal potassium balance, preventing serious complications, and removing or treating the underlying cause(s).3Management strategies vary depending on the severity of the imbalance (see Table 3). Serum potassium concentrations between 3.5 and 4 mEq/L are a sign of early potassium depletion. No pharmacological therapy is recommended at this point, but the patient’s diet should be assessed. Most cases of mild-to-moderate hypokalemia may be corrected with oral potassium supplements. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the most common salt used for repletion. Potassium acetate is a preferred agent in patients with hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. Administration of potassium phosphate should be considered in patients with hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia.1–3
What is the definition of hypokalemia?
Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration of less than 3.5 mEq/L. This is one of the most commonly encountered electrolyte abnormalities in clinical practice. Hypokalemia is further categorized as mild (serum potassium, greater than 3 to 3.5 mEq/L), moderate (serum potassium, 2.5 to 3 mEq/L), or severe (serum potassium, less than 2.5 mEq/L), as noted in Table 1.3Hypokalemia results either when there is a total-body potassium deficit, or when serum potassium is shifted into the intracellular compartment.1–6When hypokalemia is detected, a diagnostic workup that evaluates the patient’s comorbid disease states and concomitant medications should be completed.
How does hypomagnesemia affect potassium?
Hypomagnesemia, which is present in more than 50% of cases of clinically significant hypokalemia, contributes to the development of hypokalemia by reducing the intracellular potassium concentration and promoting renal potassium wasting.7While the exact mechanism of the accelerated renal loss remains unclear, it is theorized that the intracellular potassium concentration may decrease because hypomagnesemia impairs the function of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, thereby promoting potassium wasting. When concomitant hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia exist, the magnesium deficiency should be corrected first; other wise, full repletion of the potassium deficit is difficult to achieve.
How long after infusion should potassium be taken?
Serum potassium levels should be obtained 30 minutes after the end of the infusion.
How long does it take to check potassium levels?
After using immediate-release preparations, check potassium levels in at least 60 minutes.
Can medication cause hypokalemia?
In the geriatric population, medication-induced hypokalemia is very common. 12Diuretics are a particularly troublesome source of medication-induced effects in the elderly. Decreased dietary potassium intake, diminished renal reserve, altered pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics due to concurrent disease (e.g., congestive heart failure, renal failure), concomitant therapies (e.g., glucocorticoids), and use of high-dose, long-acting thiazide diuretics are among the factors that contribute to diuretic-induced hypokalemia in the elderly.
How many lung injuries are associated with vaping?
It Can Increase Your Chance of Lung Disease. Shutterstock. On October 10th, the CDC revealed that 1,299 lung injury cases associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products have been reported from 49 states, the District of Columbia, and one U.S. territory. Of those, 26 deaths have been confirmed in 21 states.
How many people have died from vaping?
As mentioned before, at least 26 people in the United States have lost their lives because of their decision to vape. This number could be much higher, considering the likelihood that other people didn't report a history of vaping to their physicians. While more research clearly needs to be done regarding the potential health impact of vaping, the CDC strongly urges that you consider refraining from using e-cigarette, or vaping, products. For resources that can help you quit the use of vape products, visit the CDC's website here. And living your best healthy life can be simple with these 50 Secrets to Live to 100.
When did vaping start?
Vaping—meaning to the use of electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes), e-hookahs, vape pens, tank systems, mods, and electronic nicotine delivery systems—first debuted in 2003, and were marketed as a less-harmful alternative to smoking. A decade-and-a-half later, we are learning that isn't the case.
How many deaths from vaping have been confirmed?
Of those, 26 deaths have been confirmed in 21 states. While it is still unclear of the specific chemical exposure (s) causing these lung injuries associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping, all patients have reported a history of using e-cigarette, or vaping, products.
How old can you be if you vape?
It Can Age You. Akin to regular smoking, vaping can age you 10 years or more. "Vaping can age your skin similar to cigarettes," board-certified dermatologist Nazanin Saedi, MD, explains. "We know that people who smoke age prematurely, especially their skin.".
Does vaping raise blood pressure?
It Can Raise Your Blood Pressure. If your vaping involves nicotine, expect your blood pressure to increase, warns Steven Reisman, MD, New York Cardiac Diagnostic Center. An increase of blood pressure can have a serious impact on your cardiovascular health, increasing the likelihood of a heart attack or heart disease.
Does smoking e-cigarettes increase your chances of heart attack?
It Increases Your Chance of a Heart Attack. Shutterstock. One study from the American College of Cardiology found that e-cigarette users were 56 percent more likely to have a heart attack than non-users. "Cardiologists are most concerned about acute nicotine toxicity," explains Dr. Shah.
How to identify publications on hypokalemia?
In order to identify publications on hypokalemia, a literature search was conducted in PubMed using combinations of the key-terms: ‘potassium’ OR ‘hypokalemia’ OR ‘hypokalaemia’ OR ‘electrolyte disturbances’ AND ‘guide’ OR ‘algorithm’ OR ‘guidelines’. In addition, a manual search of key journals and abstracts from the major annual meetings in the fields of endocrinology and nephrology was conducted. This review collected, analyzed and qualitatively re-synthesized information regarding: (1) the definition and prevalence of hypokalemia, (2) the physiology of potassium homeostasis, (3) the various causes leading to hypokalemia, (4) the diagnostic steps for the assessment of hypokalemia and (5) the appropriate treatment of hypokalemia depending on the cause.
What causes hypokalemia in the kidneys?
Hypokalemia can be caused either by decreased intake of potassium or by excessive losses of potassium in the urine or through the GI tract (17, 18). The latter is more common. Excessive excretion of potassium in the urine (kaliuresis) may result from the use of diuretic drugs, endocrine diseases such as primary hyperaldosteronism, kidney disorders and genetic syndromes affecting the renal function (19). Gastrointestinal losses of potassium usually are due to prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, chronic laxative abuse, intestinal obstruction or infections. An intracellular shift of the potassium can also lead to severe hypokalemia. Insulin administration, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, thyreotoxicosis and familiar periodic paralysis are some of the reasons for this phenomenon (20). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to enzymatic defects is a genetic syndrome strongly associated with hypertension and hypokalemia, resulting from excessive mineralocorticoid effects. Drugs, such as diuretics and penicillin can be often the underlying cause of hypokalemia. Finally, hypomagnesemia is very important. More than 50% of clinically significant hypokalemia has concomitant magnesium deficiency and is clinically most frequently observed in individuals receiving loop or thiazide diuretic therapy. Concomitant magnesium deficiency has long been appreciated to aggravate hypokalemia. Hypokalemia associated with magnesium deficiency is often refractory to treatment with K+(21) (Table 1).
What are the effects of hypokalemia on the renal system?
The effects of hypokalemia regarding the renal function can be metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis (in severe hypokalemia) and , rarely, impairment of tubular transport, chronic tubulointerstitial disease and cyst formation.
What is hypokalemia in the body?
Hypokalemia is present when serum levels of potassium are lower than normal. It is a rather common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients, with various causes and sometimes requires urgent medical attention (1). It usually results from increased potassium excretion or intracellular shift and less commonly from reduced ...
What is hypokalemia in medical terms?
Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients. It can have various causes, including endocrine ones. Sometimes, hypokalemia requires urgent medical attention. The aim of this review is to present updated information regarding: (1) the definition and prevalence of hypokalemia, ...
How does intracellular potassium affect acid-base regulation?
Of great importance, intracellular K+parti cipates in acid–base regulation through exchange for extracellular hydrogen ions (H+) and by influencing the rate of renal ammonium production (4). Counterregulatory mechanisms exist in order to defend against potassium alterations. These mechanisms serve to maintain a proper distribution of K+within the body, as well as to regulate the total body K+content. Excessive ECF potassium (hyperkalemia) decreases membrane potential, while hypokalemia causes hyperpolarization and non-responsiveness of the membrane (5). If potassium balance is disrupted (hypokalemia or hyperkalemia), this can also lead to disruption of heart electrical conduction, dysrhythmias and even sudden death. Potassium balance has a direct negative effect on (H+) balance at intracellular and extracellular level and the overall cellular activity.
What is the role of potassium in the cell membrane?
Potassium (K+) plays a key role in maintaining normal cell function (2). K+is the main intracellular cation and almost all cells have the pump called ‘Na+-K+-ATPase’, which pumps sodium (Na+) out of the cell and K+into the cell leading to a K+gradient across the cell membrane (K+in > K+out), which is partially responsible for maintaining the potential difference across membrane. Many cell functions rely on this potential difference, particularly in excitable tissues, such as nerve and muscle. Two percent of K+exists in the extracellular fluid (ECF) at a concentration of only 4 mEq/L (3). Enzyme activities, as well as, cell division and growth are catalyzed by potassium and are affected by its concentrations and its alterations.
What are the risks of vaping?
Other key points about vaping use include: 1 You can vape drugs other than nicotine, such as THC and CBD 2 It is possible to overdose on nicotine through vaping 3 Addiction to nicotine is also a serious side effect of vaping
Why is vaping addictive?
Vaping nicotine is addictive because of the way it works in your brain. Nicotine enters the brain quickly to activate reward pathways and cause the release of endorphins, your body’s natural pain-killers. Vaping is a particularly powerful way of exposing your brain to nicotine because the juices used have such a concentrated amount of nicotine.
How do you know if you're vaping too much?
How can you tell if someone is vaping too much? One study has shown that glycol and glycerin, two ingredients commonly used in vape juices, are upper airway irritants that can cause irritation of the throat and mouth as well as trigger a dry cough. But perhaps the biggest symptom of vaping too much is developing an addiction to nicotine, the chemical most commonly vaped.
Why is vaping good for you?
Vaping is a particularly powerful way of exposing your brain to nicotine because the juices used have such a concentrated amount of nicotine. The liquid nicotine used in e-cigarettes is absorbed far more quickly compared to nicotine from tobacco in regular cigarettes.
Does a vaporizer have nicotine?
Cannabidiol (CBD) vaporizers don’t contain nicotine or THC, but they can still cause side effects. There is minimal research on the side effects of vaping CBD, but some general side effects of vaping CBD that have been reported include:
Can you vape with THC?
Stomach: Vomiting and nausea. Other key points about vaping use include: You can vape drugs other than nicotine, such as THC and CBD.
Does vaping cause hallucinations?
They found that vaping was associated with increased effects of the drug, increased incidence of adverse effects (just as anxiety and paranoia) and impairments in both cognition and motor abilities. One person in the study hallucinated after vaping marijuana oil.
What is the importance of potassium in cardiovascular disease?
The pivotal role of potassium (K+) in cardiovascular disease and the importance of preserving potassium balance have become clinical hot points, particularly as relates to new and emerging cardioprotective and renoprotective therapies that promote potassium retention. Although clinicians may be aware of the critical nature of this relationship, quite frequently there is some uncertainty as to the best way to monitor potassium levels in the face of a host of pathologic states and/or accompanying drug therapies that affect serum levels and/or total body potassium balance. Moreover, guidelines for monitoring of serum potassium levels are at best tentative and oftentimes are translated according to the level of concern of the respective physician. To address these uncertainties, an expert group was convened that included representatives from multiple disciplines. They attempted to reach consensus on the importance of K+ in hypertension, stroke, and arrhythmias as well as practical issues on maintaining K+ balance and avoiding K+ depletion. Because of the complexity of this topic, issues of hyperkalemia will be addressed in a forthcoming manuscript.
Does potassium lower blood pressure?
An increase in potassium (K) intake may lower blood pressure (BP), but inconsistent results have been obtained in clinical trials. We studied the effects of K supplementation in hypertensive patients with monitoring of home and ambulatory BP. Fifty-five patients with essential hypertension (26 men, 29 women, 36-77 years old) participated in this study. A 4-week K supplementation period and 4-week control period were assigned in a randomized crossover manner. During the K period, the subjects were given 64 mmol/day of K as slow-release KCl tablets. Office, home, and 24-h BP, as well as serum and urinary electrolytes, were measured at the end of each period. In the control period, office, home, and 24-h BP were 151 +/- 2/88 +/- 1 (mean +/- SE), 138 +/- 1/83 +/- 1, and 137 +/- 1/81 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively. Serum K increased from 4.15 +/- 0.04 to 4.42 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, and urinary K increased from 54 +/- 2 to 96 +/- 3 mmol/day with the K supplementation. Office, home, and 24-h BP were significantly lower in the K period than in the control period, although the differences were small (2.7 +/- 1.1/1.4 +/- 0.6, 3.6 +/- 0.9/1.7 +/- 0.5, 3.4 +/- 1.0/1.2 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, respectively). Changes in home and 24-h systolic BP with K supplementation were highly significant (P < .001), compared with office BP (P < .05). The change in 24-h systolic BP was correlated negatively with baseline BP and urinary Na/K ratio, and positively with baseline urinary K excretion. The changes in daytime and nighttime BP were comparable. These results indicate that increasing K intake lowers BP in hypertensive subjects, especially in those with higher BP and lower K intake. Our study supports the usefulness of K supplementation in the treatment of hypertension, although its antihypertensive effect may be small.
Does smoking increase Na?
Consistent with our results, it was found that plasma Na level significantly increased among smokers immediately after smoking, and this may be due to stimulation of adrenal cortex, which leads to increase of circulatory cortisol that increase Na retention . The reduced GFR with nicotine exposure may be explained by nicotine associated sympathetic stimulation, increased peripheral vascular and renal resistances and a related increase in blood pressure [13] . ...
Does smoking affect potassium levels?
This study aimed to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on plasma sodium and potassium levels. Atomic emission flame spectrophotometry was used to measure plasma sodium and potassium in sixty subjects, thirty smokers and thirty non-smokers as matched controls. The plasma sodium and potassium were analyzed before and after smoking in the smokers, while the analysis was done once in non-smoker cohort. There was a significant increase in sodium level immediately after smoking among smokers (p < 0.05) and no significant change in potassium level. No change was found in plasma sodium level between smokers (before smoking) and non-smokers. In addition, there is a decrease in plasma potassium level among smokers (before smoking) in comparison to non-smokers; however, it is statistically not significant. This study reveals that cigarette smoking has an immediate increasing effect on plasma sodium level. It is recommended that cigarette smoking should be avoided especially before blood sodium measurement.
Does smoking cause oxidative stress?
Cigarette smoking is a major source of oxidative stress. Protein carbonyls have been used as a biomarker of oxidative stress because of the relative stability of carbonylated proteins and the high protein concentration in blood. Increased levels of carbonyl groups have been found in serum proteins of smokers compared to nonsmokers. However, neither the dose effect of current cigarette smoke nor other predictors of oxidative stress have been studied. Hence, we used an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to evaluate plasma protein carbonyls in smokers recruited in the Early Lung Cancer Action Project (ELCAP) program. The lung cancer screening program enrolled current and former smokers age 60 years and over without a prior cancer diagnosis. A total of 542 participants (282 men and 260 women) completed a baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples for the biomarker study. Protein oxidation was measured by derivatization of the carbonyl groups with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and ELISA quantitation of the DNPH group. Current smoking status was confirmed with urinary cotinine. The mean (+/-S.D.) protein carbonyl level was 17.9+/-2.9 nmol carbonyl/ml plasma. Protein carbonyls did not differ significantly by gender. Carbonyl levels were higher among current than former smokers, but these differences did not attain statistical significance, nor did differences by urine cotinine levels, pack-years, pack/day among current smokers, and smoking duration. In a multiple regression analysis, higher protein carbonyl levels were independently associated with increasing age (0.59 nmol/ml increase per 10 years, 95% CI 0.14, 1.05, p=0.01), African-American vs. white race/ethnicity, (1.30 nmol/ml, 95% CI 0.4, 2.19, p=0.008), and lower educational attainment (0.75 nmol/ml, 95% CI 0.12, 1.38, p=0.02). Although we found no significant difference between current vs. past cigarette smoking and protein carbonyls in this older group of smokers, associations were found for age, ethnicity, and educational attainment. Our results indicate that the measurement of plasma carbonyls by this ELISA technique is still an easy and suitable method for studies of diseases related to oxidative stress.