With the growing popularity of vaping (1), evidence has emerged about the association between social media use and adolescent vaping (2). This association may be attributed to the proliferation of e-cigarette advertisements and other related content on social media (3).
Why is vaping and e-cigarettes promoted on social media?
Yet vaping and e-cigarettes are widely promoted on social media by the industry and influencers, using advertising tactics that were outlawed for tobacco in Australia in the 1980s for traditional media. This blatant promotion is not tolerated offline, so why is it happening on social media? Twitter image.
Does too much social media make teens vape more?
Spending more time on social media may make vaping seem more normal. However, it is also possible that other factors, such as struggling with depression, may make teens more vulnerable to both excessive social media use and to willingness to try nicotine.
What is the role of marketing in the vaping industry?
The proponents who are well-versed in the industry and are willing to educate people on all aspects of vaping. They often act as brand ambassadors. The marketers who directly aim at bringing traffic to the brands’ sites and increasing the sales. There is an abundance of vaping messages on social media.
Should e-cigarette advertising be regulated to prevent youth vaping?
At the same time, unregulated advertising of e-cigarettes to youth through social media and advertising campaigns elsewhere can lead to the glamorization of vaping among young people; and this could lead to their use.
How does social media influence e-cigarette use?
Why is it important to monitor e-cigarette companies?
Is Snapchat associated with vaping?
Is e-cigarette advertising legal in social media?
Is social media linked to e-cigarettes?
Is vaping ever used?
See 3 more
About this website
How does social media influence vaping?
Exposure to influencer marketing and other promotional strategies related to e-cigarette content on social media has been associated with increased risk of e-cigarette use among adolescents and young adults.
How does social media affect smoking?
By analyzing 29 previously published studies, researchers found that people who viewed social media that contained tobacco content were more than twice as likely to report using tobacco and were more likely to use it in the future, compared to those who never viewed it.
What are the influences of vaping?
It causes you to crave a smoke and suffer withdrawal symptoms if you ignore the craving. Nicotine is a toxic substance. It raises your blood pressure and spikes your adrenaline, which increases your heart rate and the likelihood of having a heart attack.
How are teens influenced to vape?
Targeting teens TV and social media ads target teens with the appealing flavors and brightly colored packaging of vapes. For instance, vapes come in colors that match the fruity flavors they contain, such as blue for blueberry and green for mint. "Some teens don't even know that e-cigs contain nicotine."
How does the media promote smoking?
There are also many TV, video game, and and movie scenes showing people smoking. These scenes promote the idea that lots of people smoke and rarely show the bad consequences of smoking like trouble breathing, cancer, complications with other diseases, or even death.
Is vaping socially acceptable?
Growing misconceptions around e-cigarettes have impacted the public's view on vaping, but it remains a popular alternative to smoking for many. No tobacco, no ash, no tar and no smoke odour* helps vaping to be seen as more socially acceptable than smoking.
Is it OK for a 13 year old to vape?
Nicotine exposure during the teenage years can harm brain development, which continues until about age 25. It can impact learning, memory and attention, and increase risk for future addiction to other drugs. Young people who use e-cigarettes may be more likely to go on to use regular cigarettes.
Should I let my teenager vape?
Is it OK to let my kid vape? Because of the adverse effects and addictive quality, it is not a good idea to allow a teenager (or anyone) to vape. Aside from the risk of heart attack or stroke, the nicotine alone has been shown to be a highly addictive substance.
How can I tell if my child is vaping?
Signs a person is vapingA sweet scent in the air. ... Unfamiliar pens and USB drives. ... Drinking more water. ... Nosebleeds. ... Smoker's cough or mouth sores. ... New batteries and chargers. ... Discarded vaping pods and devices.
What do teens call vaping?
JUULingVaping is the act of inhaling and exhaling the vapor produced by the heated nicotine liquid (often called “juice”) of an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette or e-cig), vape pen, or personal vaporizer. It's also commonly called JUULing (pronounced jewel-ing).
Why do college students vape?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaping as a recreational activity has become increasingly more prevalent among teenagers and college students as a way to obtain a buzz, similar to the nicotine “high” that cigarettes offer.
Do celebrities vape?
Leonardo DiCaprio is one of the biggest celebrities in Hollywood, as well as one of the most well-known vaping advocates. His long career as an actor means he gets away with very little unnoticed. The Wolf of Wall Street has been a long-time vaper, having first seen vaping e-cigarettes as early as 2009.
How social media influence college students smoking attitudes and intentions?
We found that the expression and reception of prosmoking messages not only directly affected smoking but also had indirect effects on smoking through (1) perceived peer expression of prosmoking messages and (2) perceived peer smoking norms.
Who influence you to smoke?
Research shows that both types of norms (injunctive and descriptive) and both referents (parents and peers) influence adolescents' smoking, and play a key role in adolescents' decision to engage in such behavior [21–27].
Why is there so much smoking in movies?
So, why is smoking still in movies? Many movies contain tobacco imagery, even though it may not add anything to the movie itself. This is due to the influence and funding from tobacco companies.
What are three ways ETS affects children?
Children exposed to ETS are more frequently affected by middle ear infections, reduced lung function, respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and bronchitis, and more severe asthma (5).
How Vaping Culture is Contextualised on Social Media
Social media is changing everything. Years back, we used it only for the purpose of communication. Today, social media is evolved into many other areas, including giving businesses a boost. This is particularly true for the development of vaping culture. It is a relatively new industry that has been on its rise for the last […]
The Influence of Social Media on Teen Use of E-Cigarettes
E-cigarette use—or vaping—among youth is on a dramatic rise. In just one year, from 2017 to 2018, e-cigarette use rose by 78% among high school students.
Vaping is glamourised on social media, putting youth in harm's way
Vape juice advertising on TikTok. But on social media, where “influencer” content is king, the boundaries between truly organic content and paid product placements is blurred.. In 2012 ...
Social media's influence on e-cigarette use onset and escalation among ...
As an extension of a previous cross-sectional study, this study employed prospective data to test positive outcome expectancy beliefs as mediators of social media's influence on e-cigarette use progression among young adults. Self-report data were collected from 2327 young adult college students (Me …
Why do teens vape?
In fact, one of the most common reasons teens say they vape is the flavors. [3] There is an increased presence of e-cigarette companies on social media – most notably, by JUUL. This has led to some researchers to suggest that higher youth vaping rates are, at least in part, attributable to social media branding and marketing [8, 9].
Is social media good for vaping?
There are many benefits of social media, including increased social support, self-expression, and self-exploration. At the same time, unregulated advertising of e-cigarettes to youth through social media and advertising campaigns elsewhere can lead to the glamorization of vaping among young people; and this could lead to their use.
Is e-cigarettes good for you?
Health Impacts of E-Cigarettes. E-cigarettes are sometimes described as a healthy alternative to traditional cigarettes [5]. They nonethe less are associated with similar health impacts as traditional cigarettes. Indeed, the Surgeon General suggests that both nicotine addiction and negative impacts on brain development could be linked to vaping [6].
How does social media influence e-cigarette use?
Besides serving as a platform for e-cigarette advertisements, social media sites facilitate information sharing about e-cigarettes with images of their use among adolescents (7). As such, social media platforms provide opportunities for adolescents to acquire new information about e-cigarette use and behavior (8,9). For example, social media platforms such as YouTube provide tutorials with basic information about how to use e-cigarettes and vaping products (10). Furthermore, seeing peers or influencers (11) use e-cigarettes on social media may promote the perception among adolescents that e-cigarette use is a socially accepted behavior (12). Exposure to e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, might be associated with susceptibility to e-cigarette use among adolescents.
Why is it important to monitor e-cigarette companies?
Developing strategies to monitor e-cigarette companies’ marketing activities and e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, is as important as developing counter campaigns on social media to prevent vaping among adolescents.
Is Snapchat associated with vaping?
We found that Snapchat use was more consistently associated with experimenting and current vaping, and these results were observed even after stratifying models by middle and high school. This result supports past research finding that only Snapchat use was associated with ever vaping among college students, while other platforms (eg, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube) were not associated with vaping status (15). This finding may be explained by the unique features of Snapchat as a platform. For example, Snapchat is used for peer-to-peer messaging and sharing of pictures for a short period, and the messages and pictures subsequently disappear. Snapchat includes “stories” and “discover” features, a collection of “snaps” lasting 24 hours between users and users’ network. Content can be private and not publicly viewed, unlike other platforms where the content is mostly public and relatively easy to monitor.
Is e-cigarette advertising legal in social media?
Although social media sites might have policies that prohibit e-cigarette advertisements, these restrictions are not strictly enforced and might not apply to all content (24,25). The prevalence of e-cigarette advertising on social media has resulted in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issuing warning letters to e-cigarette companies about influencer posts (26,27). The use of e-cigarettes has been depicted as glamorous, popular, and socially acceptable, such as through the public actions of vaping (28). Portraying peers, acquaintances, or influencers in a way that portrays them as glamorous, popular, socially acceptable, or appealing while using e-cigarettes might influence adolescents to try e-cigarettes (12). Furthermore, other portrayals of e-cigarette use on social media (ie, safe, convenient, having positive health effects from current user testimony) might also appeal to adolescents (28–30). Several social media features make it difficult to monitor marketing practices that target adolescents (24). These features include loose age restrictions on social media (25) and Snapchat’s feature video content that disappears after viewing. Developing strategies to monitor e-cigarette companies’ marketing activities and e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, is as important as developing counter campaigns on social media to prevent vaping among adolescents. Further, a need exists for stronger penalties and prompt enforcement on social media platforms that violate tobacco-marketing policies (31).
Is social media linked to e-cigarettes?
Exposure to e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, might be associated with susceptibility to e-cigarette use among adolescents. Several studies found an association between social media exposure and e-ciga rette use among adolescents (6,12) and young adults (13,14). A recent study found that a higher level ...
Is vaping ever used?
We categorized products as 1) never vaped, 2) experimentally used, but not currently (ever vaped), and 3) currently vaping. Ever vaped was defined as vaping product ever used, but not in the past 30 days, and currently vaping was defined as vaping product ever vaped and used at least 1 day in the past 30 days.
Why do teens vape?
In fact, one of the most common reasons teens say they vape is the flavors. There is an increased presence of e-cigarette companies on social media —most notably, by JUUL. This has led some researchers to suggest that higher youth vaping rates are, at least in part, attributable to social media branding and marketing.
What is the most popular e-cigarette company?
One of the most popular e-cigarette companies is JUUL.
Is e-cigarettes good for you?
E-cigarettes are sometimes described as a healthy alternative to traditional cigarettes. They nonetheless are associated with similar health impacts as traditional cigarettes. Indeed, the Surgeon General suggests that both nicotine addictionand negative impacts on brain development could be linked to vaping.
Is social media good for vaping?
There are many benefits of social media, including increased social support, self-expression, and self-exploration. At the same time, unregulated advertising of e-cigarettes to youth through social media and advertising campaigns elsewhere can lead to the glamorization of vaping among young people; and this could lead to their use. With more research and regulation, there is hope that e-cigarette companies will move away from appealing to youth consumers and youth will be less inclined to try vaping. In the meantime, we need to talk to our kids about the health effects of vaping to counteract their currently ‘cool and healthy’ mystique.
Why is vaping so popular?
And it seems that e-cigarettes are the reason. In fact, vaping gained such an impressive popularity among former smokers because it helped them to quit tobacco.
Who is the most famous vaper?
Perhaps, the most famous vaper who draws the attention of young people is Austin Lawrence. Notorious for his tricks, he makes videos of himself manipulating vapor in ways that seem to defy all rational laws of physics. The videos get thousands of views and shares around the internet. Lawrence uses his Instagram account with almost 2 million followers as an advertising platform for his own vape brand.
Is vaping on social media?
There is an abundance of vaping messages on social media. And it has been growing every year. They can influence buying choices.
Is vaping a lifestyle?
In contrary to desperate struggling smokers who choose it as an alternative to smoking, most teenagers choose it as a lifestyle.
Is vaping safe?
Vaping is the new cool. It developed its own culture with its competitions, lounges, games and tricks. And since there are no scientifically proven facts that vaping cannot be safer than traditional smoking, the predictions for the culture are optimistic.
Is vaping legal for young people?
Vaping is attractive for young generations for many reasons. When e-cigarettes began to gain popularity, they were legal for young people. They implied a minimum level of danger, something youth knew they shouldn’t do but that seemed not as harmful as a regular cigarette.
Is vaping a new industry?
This is particularly true for the development of vaping culture. It is a relatively new industry that has been on its rise for the last few years. Still, you can find a lot of vaping posts on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube and other social nets. This shows how many people in the whole world enjoy a novel way of smoking.
Can e-cigarettes be promoted to youth?
The researchers hope the findings will lead to tighter regulation of how e-cigarettes can be promoted to youth. "Social media platforms need to do more to close the loopholes in their policies that allow influencers to promote tobacco products," Vogel said.
Is vaping legal on social media?
Advertising of combustible cigarettes is prohibited by law in traditional media outlets such as magazines, newspapers and television. But vaping-related posts on social media are largely unregulated, with individual platforms making different decisions about what to allow.
Do social media posts encourage vaping?
Social media posts promoting e-cigarettes appear able to make teens more willing to vape, new Stanford research has shown.
Is e-cigarettes safe for adolescents?
Despite the dangers of e-cigarettes, many adolescents have positive opinions about them. Surveys have revealed young people consider e-cigarettes to be a healthier and less addictive alternative to cigarettes, with fewer harmful chemicals and fewer health risks from second-hand vapour.
Does Twitter allow paid advertising?
Twitter’s policy on paid advertising “prohibits the promotion of tobacco products, accessories and brands globally”. But this does not extend to the content of individual accounts.
Does Australia ban vaping?
But that legislation doesn’t ban online sales of tobacco products, including vaping products, and can do very little about advertisements from overseas websites.
Can you advertise tobacco products?
Ad creatives and landing page must not display or promote tobacco, tobacco-related products such as cigars, tobacco pipes, rolling papers, or e-cigarettes.
Is vaping a recreational activity?
Yet e-cigarettes are touted online as a harmless recreational activity. Vape juice (which may or may not contain nicotine) is available in flavours such as gummy bear, chocolate treat and cherry crush, while social media influencers demonstrate fun vaping tricks or ways to customise e-cigarette devices. There are even online vaping communities offering social support and connectedness.
How has the debate about e-cigarettes impacted the news?
The debate about e-cigarettes, therefore, has spurred journalistic coverage at both the national and global levels .Inconsistentlegalframeworksregardinge-cigarette use in different states in the United States, as well as among different countries, contributes to the salience of thee-cigarettedebateinthenews.36,37Contentanalysisin UK and Scottish newspapers indicated a significant annual rise in news reporting about e-cigarettes.7,38The findings revealed the divisive nature of the topic, largely due to inconsistent scientific evidence. Research in South Korea also showed a similar trend in e-cigarette news coverage.6In the United States, researchers found that the majority of news articles about e-cigarettes were pub- lished in recent years, with 85% of the articles reporting e-cigarettes as neither favorable nor unfavorable.39
What is an e-cigarette?
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-powered devices that produce an aerosol by heating a liquid that usuallycontainsnicotineandotherchemicals.Thebehavior of e-cigarette use is referred to as vaping because e-cigarette users (or “vapers”) inhale and exhale aerosol or vapor instead of cigarette smoke. E-cigarettes are now the most commonly used tobacco product by youth in the United States.1Aggressive marketing strategies by tobacco compa- niesontheInternetandsocial mediapromotee-cigarettesas a “harmless” and “cool” product replacement for conven- tional cigarettes, which is appealing to the younger population.2–4Because of the inconclusive scientific evi- dence related to the impact of e-cigarette use on health risks,5e-cigarette use has seen a heated debate among the scientific community and po licymakers about how to reg- ulate this new product.6The controversy has triggered much media attention in recent years.7The sheer number of media focusing on the e-cigarette debate may inadvertently have a significant effect on media users through “social exposure”—aconceptthatdescribesthe various ways in which people come in contact with a particular behavior that shapes their norm perceptions.8
Does vaping increase temptation?
and the depi ction of vaping in commercials increases the temptation to smoke.34Exposure to vicarious vaping beha- vior was found to be associated with potential renormaliza- tionofsmokingamongeverandpotentialsmokers,10which inturnleadstosmoking-related chronicdiseases.Moreover, recent research suggested that vaping may directly disable key immune cells in the lung and boost inflammation.35
Can e-cigarettes be used as a gateway to smoking renormalization?
Although the health effects of e-cigarette use are still scientifically divisive, research has shown that e-cigarette use can be a gateway to smoking renormalization. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also warns that e-cigarettes are not safe for youth, young adults, and adults who do not currently use e-cigarettes.1
Do e-cigarettes help with smoking cessation?
Specifically, promoters of e-cigarettes posit that e-cigarettes aid in smoking cessation and are less harmful. These argu- ments are broadly advertised in e-cigarette marketing.30
Does mass media influence norms?
Despite the assumption that mass media play a role in producingnormativeperceptions,researchhassofarmostly examined how interpersonal influences affect norm percep- tions. Social norm researchers noted that other significant sources for the development of norms, including the mass media environment, have not sufficiently been researched, whichunderminestheunderstandingofthelinkbetweenan individual’senvironmentandtheformationofsocialnorms about a health behavior.8
Does vaping affect the norm?
current research attempts to determine whether ever vap- ing and smoking experience may moderate the news- induced descriptive norm perception formation. H4: Ever vaping and smoking experience moderate the association between news exposure and perceived descriptive norms about e-cigarette use such that the descriptive norm perceptions produced by news con- tent will be more pronounced among (a) individuals with ever vaping experience compared to those with no vaping experience and (b) those with ever smoking experience compared to those with no smoking experience. Implicit normative cues conveyed by news Social norm theorists suggested that people are motivated to gain information about what others are doing to help with decision making.20People can also sense descriptive norms through various informational cues.13Fiske and Taylor theorized that human beings, in general, are cogni- tive misers, and they may use mental shortcuts to make generalizations on what is typical in their surroundings.58
How does social media influence e-cigarette use?
Besides serving as a platform for e-cigarette advertisements, social media sites facilitate information sharing about e-cigarettes with images of their use among adolescents (7). As such, social media platforms provide opportunities for adolescents to acquire new information about e-cigarette use and behavior (8,9). For example, social media platforms such as YouTube provide tutorials with basic information about how to use e-cigarettes and vaping products (10). Furthermore, seeing peers or influencers (11) use e-cigarettes on social media may promote the perception among adolescents that e-cigarette use is a socially accepted behavior (12). Exposure to e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, might be associated with susceptibility to e-cigarette use among adolescents.
Why is it important to monitor e-cigarette companies?
Developing strategies to monitor e-cigarette companies’ marketing activities and e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, is as important as developing counter campaigns on social media to prevent vaping among adolescents.
Is Snapchat associated with vaping?
We found that Snapchat use was more consistently associated with experimenting and current vaping, and these results were observed even after stratifying models by middle and high school. This result supports past research finding that only Snapchat use was associated with ever vaping among college students, while other platforms (eg, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube) were not associated with vaping status (15). This finding may be explained by the unique features of Snapchat as a platform. For example, Snapchat is used for peer-to-peer messaging and sharing of pictures for a short period, and the messages and pictures subsequently disappear. Snapchat includes “stories” and “discover” features, a collection of “snaps” lasting 24 hours between users and users’ network. Content can be private and not publicly viewed, unlike other platforms where the content is mostly public and relatively easy to monitor.
Is e-cigarette advertising legal in social media?
Although social media sites might have policies that prohibit e-cigarette advertisements, these restrictions are not strictly enforced and might not apply to all content (24,25). The prevalence of e-cigarette advertising on social media has resulted in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issuing warning letters to e-cigarette companies about influencer posts (26,27). The use of e-cigarettes has been depicted as glamorous, popular, and socially acceptable, such as through the public actions of vaping (28). Portraying peers, acquaintances, or influencers in a way that portrays them as glamorous, popular, socially acceptable, or appealing while using e-cigarettes might influence adolescents to try e-cigarettes (12). Furthermore, other portrayals of e-cigarette use on social media (ie, safe, convenient, having positive health effects from current user testimony) might also appeal to adolescents (28–30). Several social media features make it difficult to monitor marketing practices that target adolescents (24). These features include loose age restrictions on social media (25) and Snapchat’s feature video content that disappears after viewing. Developing strategies to monitor e-cigarette companies’ marketing activities and e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, is as important as developing counter campaigns on social media to prevent vaping among adolescents. Further, a need exists for stronger penalties and prompt enforcement on social media platforms that violate tobacco-marketing policies (31).
Is social media linked to e-cigarettes?
Exposure to e-cigarette–related content on social media, therefore, might be associated with susceptibility to e-cigarette use among adolescents. Several studies found an association between social media exposure and e-ciga rette use among adolescents (6,12) and young adults (13,14). A recent study found that a higher level ...
Is vaping ever used?
We categorized products as 1) never vaped, 2) experimentally used, but not currently (ever vaped), and 3) currently vaping. Ever vaped was defined as vaping product ever used, but not in the past 30 days, and currently vaping was defined as vaping product ever vaped and used at least 1 day in the past 30 days.
Abstract
Introduction
- With the growing popularity of vaping (1), evidence has emerged about the association between social media use and adolescent vaping (2). This association may be attributed to the proliferation of e-cigarette advertisements and other related content on social media (3). Advertisements on social media may pose particular risks because of high levels...
Methods
- We analyzed data from the 2019 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS), an annual cross-sectional statewide, school-based survey that uses a multistage stratified sample design representative of middle and high school students in Florida (N = 10,776) (18). Weighted response rates were 71.6% for middle school students and 68.6% for high school students. We included respondents who r…
Results
- The analytic sample (n = 10,475) was composed mostly of high school students (56.9%, weighted); 50.4% were male, 38.8% were non-Hispanic White, and 33.5% were Hispanic. Of current e-cigarette users, 71.6% were current cigarette smokers, 73.2% were current other tobacco product users, 26.3% reported family members using tobacco products, and 24.8% of adolescen…
Discussion
- This study highlights the potential influence of Snapchat (daily and nondaily use), Instagram (daily use), Facebook (nondaily use), and Twitter use (nondaily use) on experimental and current vaping among adolescents in Florida. This association may be explained by the recent increase in popularity of social media platforms among adolescents (17) and the potential exposure to e-ci…
Acknowledgments
- This study was supported by the Florida Department of Health, grant #9JK05. Florida Youth Survey Data used in this study were collected by the Florida Department of Health. The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Florida Department of Health or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The authors de…
Author Information
- Corresponding Author: Juhan Lee PhD, 1864 Stadium Rd, FLG 17C, Gainesville, FL 32608. Telephone: 352-284-1818. Email: juhan.j.lee@ufl.edu. Author Affiliations: 1Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 2Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel…
References
- Zeller M. Youth e-cigarette use and the food and drug administration’s multifaceted approach. Am J Public Health 2020;110(6):772–3. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Dormanesh A, Kirkpatrick MG, Allem JP. Content analysis of instagram posts from 2019 with cartoon-based marketing of e-cigarette–associated products. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(11):1110–2. CrossRefexter...
- Zeller M. Youth e-cigarette use and the food and drug administration’s multifaceted approach. Am J Public Health 2020;110(6):772–3. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Dormanesh A, Kirkpatrick MG, Allem JP. Content analysis of instagram posts from 2019 with cartoon-based marketing of e-cigarette–associated products. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(11):1110–2. CrossRefexter...
- Amin S, Dunn AG, Laranjo L. Social influence in the uptake and use of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2020;58(1):129–41. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Marynak K, Gentzke A, Wang TW, Neff L, King BA. Exposure to electronic cigarette advertising among middle and high school students — United States, 2014–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal …
Tables
- a Accounted for complex sampling design of Taylor series linearization as variance estimation. b Vaped, but not vaped in the past 30 days. c Vaped in the past 30 days. d Estimated using Rao-Scott adjusted χ2 test. e Included every few months, every few weeks, 1–2 days/week, and 3–5 days/week. f Included once per day and several times per day. g Assessed using the question, D…